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Here, we leverage metacommunity theory, functional trait partitioning and a Bayesian multispecies abundance model to assess whether a shared landscape – woody perennial polyculture farms – bolsters bird diversity. However, the processes underlying bird communities remain obscure. Recent research has begun to isolate the processes that maintain metacommunities and develop functional trait methods to identify these processes. For example, a site exhibiting high diversity may not actually bolster populations if the diversity is only maintained through net immigration. This controversy may persist because previous studies have examined species diversity, rather than the processes through which such diversity is maintained. Human‐shared landscapes cover much of Earth, yet their conservation value is contested. The main policy implication of the study is to design entry fee for many protected areas such as wildlife sanctuary, national park as well as sustainable environmental management for the present and future generation. In the above mentioned context, this chapter is present the economic value of cultural ecosystem services in India. Therefore, economic value of cultural ecosystem services is needed to study in the local level aspects. CES is still less primary investigation the economic literature especially in the Indian context link with the sustainable ecosystem management. Further, CES is the major role in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health and well-being. CES is the vital contribution in the human well-being such as good physical and mental health. Cultural ecosystems services are the non-material benefits provides by various ecosystem services such as forest, wetland etc. Cultural ecosystem service (CES) is one of the important components in the ecosystem services framework which was designed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.
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